Head And Neck
What is Head and Neck Cancer ?
Oral cavity (mouth) : – The oral cavity includes the lips, the front two-thirds of the tongue, the gingiva (gums), the buccal mucosa (lining inside the cheeks and lips), the floor (bottom) of the mouth under the tongue, the hard palate (bony top of the mouth), and the small area behind the wisdom teeth.
Pharynx (throat) : – The pharynx is a hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and leads to the esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach) and the trachea (the tube that goes to the lungs). The pharynx has three parts : -
Nasopharynx : – The nasopharynx, the upper part of the pharynx, is behind the nose.
Oropharynx : – The oropharynx is the middle part of the pharynx. The oropharynx includes the soft palate (the back of the mouth), the base of the tongue, and the tonsils.
Hypopharynx : – The hypopharynx is the lower part of the pharynx.
Para nasal sinuses (small hollow spaces around the nose lined with cells that secrete mucus) : – the paranasal sinuses are small hollow spaces in the bones of the head surrounding the nose. The nasal cavity is the hollow space inside the nose. nasal cavity (airway just behind the nose)
larynx (”Adam’s apple” or voice box) : – The larynx, also called the voicebox, is a short passageway formed by cartilage just below the pharynx in the neck. The larynx contains the vocal cords. It also has a small piece of tissue, called the epiglottis, which moves to cover the larynx to prevent food from entering the air passages.
Salivary glands (parotid, submanidular, sublingual glands) : – The salivary glands produce saliva, the fluid that keeps mucosal surfaces in the mouth and throat moist. There are many salivary glands; the major ones are in the floor of the mouth, and near the jawbone.
The types of Oral Cancer are :
Oral Cancer. Salivary Gland Cancer. Laryngeal Cancer. Hypopharyngeal Tumors. Nasopharyngeal Cancer. Hypopharyngeal Tumors. Tumors of the Oropharynx. Tumors of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses.
Causes of cancer of the head and neck
Cancers of the head and neck are more common in men than women. In some cases (for example, salivary gland cancers, sarcomas and lymphomas) the causes are unknown.
Squamous cell carcinomas are much more common in smokers and people who drink a lot of alcohol, particularly spirits, and even more common in people who do both.
How head and neck cancers are diagnosed ?
At the hospital, the specialist will ask you about your current symptoms as well as your medical history, and will want to know if you are taking any medicines. The doctor will then examine your mouth, throat and neck…
Treatment used for head and neck cancer in India
There are three main types of treatment for head and neck cancer : -
Surgery Radiotherapy Chemotherapy
Two other treatments may sometimes be used : -
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) Biological therapies Sometimes the treatment of head and neck cancers will involve two or more treatments combined together.
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